^ Free PDF The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)From Cambridge University Press

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The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)From Cambridge University Press

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The philosophy of biology is one of the most exciting new areas in the field of philosophy and one that is attracting much attention from working scientists. This Companion, edited by two of the founders of the field, includes newly commissioned essays by senior scholars and up-and-coming younger scholars who collectively examine the main areas of the subject - the nature of evolutionary theory, classification, teleology and function, ecology, and the problematic relationship between biology and religion, among other topics. Up-to-date and comprehensive in its coverage, this unique volume will be of interest not only to professional philosophers but also to students in the humanities and researchers in the life sciences and related areas of inquiry.

• Sales Rank: #2058462 in Books
• Published on: 2007-10-01
• Released on: 2008-01-31
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.22" w x 5.98" l, 1.61 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 544 pages

Review
"...there is much for a biologist to learn within the covers of this book. Each chapter...is long enough to provide a substantial introduction to each topic without losing the reader in the details." - David A. Morrison, Systematic Biology

About the Author
David L. Hull is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Northwestern University. The author of numerous books and articles on topics in systematics, evolutionary theory, philosophy of biology, and naturalized epistemology, he is a recipient of a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Michael Ruse is Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University. He is the author of many books on evolutionary biology, including Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? and Darwinism and Its Discontents, both published by Cambridge University Press. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he has appeared on television and radio, and he contributes regularly to popular media such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Playboy Magazine.

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28 of 28 people found the following review helpful.
For those who care to pay attention....
By Kaptain Kaplaw
The preceding review of this book is so silly, glib and off the mark that it requires some form of response. First, note that the title of the book is the Cambridge COMPANION to The Philosophy of Biology, which is indicative of its purpose as a supplementary collection of scholarly essays, each of which sets out to discuss particular contemporary issues internal to the philosophy of biology, of which there are many. It is not a book of biology. It is not a book about Philosophy with a capital 'P'. It is a book about biology and it's philosophical commitments. The idea that this book does or must take as its primary task the debate between Creationism/Intelligent Design and Evolution, or more generally the tension between biology and religion is absurd. This is not an introductory or popular book on evolution, biology, philosophy, Darwinism, or even the philosophy of science specifically. Nor should it be taken as weighing in (with anything approaching consensus) on issues associated only with Darwinism contra the previous reviewers assertions. The evolution/creationism debate, contrary to some popular opinion, is NOT the sine qua non of biology as a science, nor the philosophical issues associated with it. If nothing else this book illustrates that fact (The essay by Pennock being the only one in the collection that discusses the debate specifically). It is an anthology specifically tailored to a sub-discipline of the philosophy of science, concerned with identifying and evaluating conceptual assumptions and methodological practices in biology, as well as its historical and cultural development amongst other things. It has no unifying theme beyond this specificity of subject; it is intentionally broad in scope so as to touch on a variety of issues within the discipline. In other words, and apparently this bears repeating, it is about the philosophy OF biology; if you were previously unaware that such a discipline exists as a robust research program in contemporary philosophy, you are not likely to enjoy this book (yet!). It is a collection of specialized scholarly material and should be treated as such, and to that end, it succeeds. Some familiarity beyond book store browsing in both the philosophy of science and biology is presumed, and there is nothing clandestine about this. For those looking for an introduction to this discipline consider an introductory text along the lines of Sterelny and Griffith's 1999Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology (Science and Its Conceptual Foundations series) , or Sober's 2000Philosophy of Biology, 2nd Edition (Dimensions of Philosophy). Readers interested in more 'grandiose' or less specialized scholarship, or for an introductory biology or philosophy text should obviously look elsewhere. If, alternatively, you are in the market for another book that spins some variant of "God smells and Darwin rules; QED", or you think that this is the only real question of interest regarding biology, do look elsewhere. Perhaps in a deep and remote cave.

14 of 48 people found the following review helpful.
Neither p nor b
By Hande Z
The reader is bound to ask after reading this book, "What did the editors have in mind when they chose the title?" I would go further and ask what agenda they had in mind when they selected the articles presented? "Adaptation", which is a major aspect of evolutionary science was not written by an evolutionary biologist. Hence it was not surprising that the writer concluded with this statement: "...far from expressing enmity between modern biology and natural theology, explanatory adaptationism is testimony to the fellowship between the two traditions." Similarly, the writer of the article on "Population Genetics" concluded with no conclusion. Another philosopher tackled the biological study of "Macroevolution, Minimalism, Radiation" and choosing a narrow aspect of "paleobiology" takes us, from the writer's point of view, to a dead end. The same conlusion, or rather, non-conclusion, was the end of Jane Maienschein's "What is an 'Embryo' and how do we know?. Ronald Dworkin, and Lawrence Tribe have written some very helpful articles and essays on the beginning of life. The selection of the articles under the grandiose name of "Philosophy of Biology" was off the mark because neither Philosophy nor Biology was clearly elucidated, and where questions of philosophy were raised, stronger opposing views were not sought. So Robert Pennock concluded his article by saying, "Did God create nature, or did nature create God? Suffice to say, neither biology nor religion is yet in a position to claim the final answer." This conclusion is fine if both sides were fairly represented. They were not.

It will be apparent by now, that the thrust of the book was to neutralise the statements of Darwinism so that theology and creationism is given an escape route. The answer to religion is not biology alone, but the impression that this book seems to create is that the flipside of the religious coin is biology. That is clearly misleading. On the other side of the religious coin is found reason, evidence, science (including biology), and all the inherent contradictions in religious texts. Perhaps the editors were bent on being so conciliatory - "Never a cross word was exchanged between us" as the editors wrote about their own contributors, that they deliberately excluded pointed but more accurate and profound writers of philosophy and biology. This review does not criticise the conciliatory approach; one ought always to be polite even to those whose views one disagrees with. The criticism is against the vagueness of purpose. If the book intended to show that all life was possibly created by a force that no one knows or can identify, then that is all it needs to say and no biologist will disagree with that statement. If it wishes to say that that force is or can be a personal, supernatural being that takes an interest in its creation, then that statement needs to be justified. There is nothing in biology to refute. The onus lies with the maker of that proposition. Biologists and philosophers have an intellectual duty to expose any allusion and hint of such mysterious creator, sometimes coming in various disguises such as "intelligent designer", "god", "creator" etc where no precise definition of its features and nature has been offered for proof or disproof. In such situations, there is nothing wrong in taking a strong stance. As Abraham Lincoln said, "To sin by silence when they should protest makes cowards of men."

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~~ Free Ebook Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions)

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As capitalism defeated socialism in Eastern Europe, the market displaced the state in the developing world. Robert Bates focuses on Kenya, a country that continued to grow while others declined in Africa, and criticizes the neo-classical turn in development economics. Attributing Kenya's exceptionalism to its economic institutions, Bates relates its subsequent economic decline to the change from the Kenyatta to the Moi regime--and the subsequent use of the power of economic institutions to redistribute rather than to create wealth.

• Sales Rank: #2007600 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2005-05-09
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .70 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 226 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Theoretically rigorous, at times even elegant, this volume further confirms Robert Bates as one of the keenest observers of the complex relationship between politics and economics in the developing world. . . . Throughout, Bates masterfully expands on his theoretical arguments, demonstrating that it is necessary to anchor an analysis of class formation within an analysis of social structure and that one has to include an analysis of the broader polity within any study of agrarian politics." American Political Science Review --

About the Author
Robert H. Bates undertook graduate studies of anthropology at Manchester University and economics at Stanford. Joining the Division of Humanities and Social Sciences at the California Institute of Technology, he rose to full professor before leaving for the Luce Professorship at Duke in the early 1980s. He joined the faculty at Harvard in 1993. Bates has conducted field work in Zambia, Kenya, Ghana and the Sudan and traveled throughout much of West Africa as well. He has also conducted fieldwork in Colombia and Brazil, where he conducted research on the politics and economics of the international coffee industry. A consultant for the World Bank and USAID, Bates is also a member of the State Failure Task Force. He serves as a resource person for the Africa Economic Research Consortium and has for several years held a visiting professorship on the faculty of the economics department at Toulouse University.

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^ Download Modernism (Movements in Modern Art), by Charles Harrison

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What is modernism? The term is used generally to convey a faith in progress and a healthy skepticism for received ideas and traditional values. More specifically, the modernist tendency has often been associated with the most vital developments and highest achievements in the art of the past 150 years. However, those concerned with maintaining traditional values in one form or another see "modernist" art as merely one alternative among many, and perhaps even an empty or misguided one. This introduction looks at modernist works in order to consider what are the defining characteristics of modernism, and also explores the critical terms in which this art has been represented.

• Sales Rank: #1453435 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 1997-07-13
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.48" h x .28" w x 6.84" l, .57 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 96 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

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6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Interpretation
By Granger
The reading is hard to follow. Charles Harrison has many insightful ideas yet a reader must read very carefully in order to decipher them. Here is an excerpt from the reading:

"It is to register its appearance as significant of critical commitments and attitudes maintained by the artist with regard both to the larger culture of the present and to the art of the recent past. This may help tp explain how significant values come to be carried through artistic works that remain unpopular in the sense of being difficult to connect to prevailing cultural interests and values." (Modernism, p14)

This not an easy introduction to modern art for new readers in art history.

0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Modernism - Movements in Modern Art
By Nancy Schmeichel
Book was in excellent condition. It arrived in a timely manner and the cost was great. Amazon is a great way to save money.

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This is a new history of the Austro-Prussian-Italian War of 1866, which paved the way for German and Italian unification. Geoffrey Wawro describes Prussia's successful invasion of Habsburg Bohemia, and the wretched collapse of the Austrian army in July 1866. Blending military and social history, he describes the panic that overtook Austria's regiments in each clash with the Prussians. He reveals the blundering of the Austrian commandant who fumbled away key strategic advantages and ultimately lost a war--crucial to the fortunes of the Habsburg Monarchy--that most European pundits had predicted they would win.

• Sales Rank: #456871 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 1997-09-13
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .75" w x 5.98" l, 1.00 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 330 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

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"The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 started the modern Hundred Years' War that did not end until 1945. Professor Geoff Wawro's book is the most comprehensive treatment of the subject. Thoughtful and well written, it is a major contribution to an understanding of history." Henry Kissinger

"The Austro-Prussian War is an outstanding work, illustrating once again that operational military history can make important and enjoyable contributions to understanding the past. A must for undergraduate, graduate, and specialist collections." Choice

"Geoffrey Wawro's lively and insightful new study offers the reader a view of the familiar events of the Königgrätz campaign from the relatively unfamiliar perspective of the AustrianFeldzeugmeisterLudwig Benedek's headquarters." German Studies Review

"Wawro's discussion of the strategic plans and dispositions of the three major belligerents and Austria's lesser allies is excellent. The simple maps aid understanding of the deployment and mofvements of widely separated forces on terrain unfamiliar to most American readers." SFC John T. Broom, Military Reviews

"Comprehensive, erudite, balanced, and clearly written, we have here the best work on this war in any language." J. Arden Bucholz, Central European History

"...offers a curious mixture of historical writing. ...Wawro presents excellent campaign history, particularly of the little-covered events in the Italian theater of operations. ...truly valuable for its narrative of events in the Italian theater." Scott W. Lackey, Historian

"This is an extraordinarily luminous book about not only a war but also a continent and a century. Written with verve and wit, The Franco-Prussian War harnesses scholarship and story-telling to wonderful effect. Geoffrey Wawro has given us a magnificent yarn." Rick Atkinson, author of An Army at Dawn and winner of the Pulitzer Prize

"As the author of a history of the Franco-Prussian War that has held the field for some forty years, I was deeply apprehensive when I learned that Dr. Wawro was at work on another. I had good cause to be. His work is magnificent. The research is both wide and deep, the operational analysis masterly, and there is not a dull page in the book. Dr. Wawro has established himself as one of the leading military historians of his generation." Sir Michael Howard

"A lively narrative history, based on an abundance of new research." MacGregor Knox, The London School of Economics

From the Back Cover
Geoffrey Wawro recounts the story of this crucial European war, from its diplomatic origins to its pivotal battles. This is the first history of the Austro-Prussian War in more than thirty years, and the first ever to be based upon extensive research in the political and military archives of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and England. Wawro has reconstructed the Austrian campaign, blow-by-blow, hour-by-hour. He divulges the secrets of Prussian military success, as well as the dismal, sometimes lurid reasons for Austria's military collapse and Italy's near collapse. The book is most notable for the light it sheds on the Habsburg war effort.

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42 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
An Interesting Revisionist Account
By R. A Forczyk
The Austro-Prussian War, by history professor Dr. Geoffrey Wawro, is a well-written and interesting revisionist account of that oft-neglected conflict in 1866. Dr. Wawro has assembled an impressive amount of existing and new source material that sheds an entirely new light on the brief war of 1866 that brought Prussia to the brink of German unification and presaged a new era of professionalization in war. Wawro's account is particularly strong in its use of Austrian and Italian sources; the Italian role in the war is usually reduced to a few paragraphs but in these pages it is covered in great detail. However, readers should be aware that Dr. Wawro's account is revisionist in intent and tone, which the author does not always make clear. Dr. Wawro's central hypothesis is that both Austria and Prussia were fairly evenly matched opponents but that, "Austria did lose in 1866 for many reasons, but chiefly because...Ludwig Benedek, Austria's supreme commander on the Prussian front, revealed himself to be a supremely incompetent general." While the author also cites the technical superiority of the Prussian needle gun and the poor combat performance of many ethnic minority units in the Austrian army, the main cause the author ascribes for Austrian defeat is the poor generalship of Benedek. The "inferior generalship" hypothesis is a difficult one to prove, particularly given notable lapses in Prussian generalship, but by and large the author succeeds. Overall, the Austro-Prussian War belongs on any bookshelf of anyone seriously interested in the evolution of 19th Century warfare.
The Austro-Prussian War consists of 11 chapters, beginning with strategy and tactics in 1866 and origins of the war. Two more chapters cover opposing war plans and Italian involvement in the conflict. The fifth chapter covers the Battle of Custoza and the rout of the Italian Mincio Army. The next three chapters cover the covering force battles that preceded the decisive battle of Königgrätz, and then the next two chapters cover the battle itself. A final chapter covers the aftermath of the battle, which does an excellent job discussing the results and implications of the war. The author has included many sketch maps in the book, which while useful, are rather crude and incomplete. None of the maps have scales or depict railroad lines, or even depict tactical movements. I found it necessary to consult another source on the war that had better maps, to follow the author's narrative. There are also a number of photographs, mostly of Austrian generals (note, other than one photo of Moltke, there are no photos or illustrations from the Prussian side). The author includes excellent footnotes and a detailed bibliography, but no appendices. An appendix listing rival orders of battle and casualties in the war would have been useful.
For military professionals, the author's discussion of the development of Austrian "fire tactics" and the needle gun will be an interesting evolutionary study. While the author notes that not all Prussian commanders subscribed to these tactics, the superiority of the tactics in themselves are not so clear because the author tends to ascribe too much importance to the needle gun. The author ignores the importance of combined arms tactics in favor of over-emphasis of one weapon system. While the needle gun was revolutionary as the first mass-produced breech-loading rifle and conferred firepower advantages to the Prussian infantry, the rest of the Prussian combined arms team was pretty weak. Prussian artillery was obsolescent, Prussian cavalry was timid and poorly trained and the vital support services were not up to supplying a fast-moving campaign. On the Austrian side, the retention of column assaults bordered on reactionary but such tactics did not become truly obsolete until the introduction of the machinegun. Austrian artillery and cavalry was superior, but these arms were improperly used. Two interesting areas of modern military technology that the author fails to address in detail are the use of telegraph and railroads. While the author does mention that the Austrians foolishly shunned the use of telegraphs, they do not seemed to have suffered badly for it, but the Prussians who did use telegraphs were often out of communications and suffered badly from lack of adequate command and control. The military use of the railroad is hardy mentioned, and one wonders why Benedek - who enjoyed an excellent rail net in Bohemia and Moravia - was constantly marching his troops to and fro instead of using rail lines to transfer troops rapidly.
The author's conclusions about the implications of the war are also striking, "the complete triumph of Prussian grand strategy in 1866 served to tighten the political connection between the Prusso-German state and army. After 1866, the example of Königgrätz suggested that Prussia-Germany could extend its influence and make vast annexations against any rival if only it struck fast and hard enough. This thinking, which originated with Clausewitz and Moltke, would be the basis of Prusso-German military strategy in 1870, 1914 and 1939." The author notes that other armies attempted to copy the Prussian military professional standards after Königgrätz, but none fully succeeded. Indeed, the Austrians failed to learn much from their defeat and in fact their military capabilities declined. However, one interesting question that the author does not ask is that given the demonstrated military incompetence of the Austrian and Italian armies in 1866, why did Prussia choose to later ally itself with such second-rate powers? In choice of weapons and tactics the Germans clearly excelled, but in choice of allies they were clearly inferior.

1 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Tour de Force!!
By Terry Tucker
Geoffrey Wawro writes a fast paced, fact filled account of one of histories most analyzed conflicts. It is a Tour de Force from the very first page. In the ususal military style, the author, a Professor at the US Naval War College, writes a no -holds barred account that is a withering indictment of both the French and German Commanders. Despite Von Moltke's gift of military genius and improvisation his commanders nearly wrecked his best laid plans, and, the French Officers, regrettably, deserted there men and snatched defeat from the jaws of an almost victory. In comparison with Michael Howards book, Geoffrey is more blunt and has a slighly narrower focus on some of the key events that lead to war. In comparison with Michael Howard, his first three chapters are not as comprehensive, but compliment Sir Howards work. Never the less, the strategic and operational analysis that Wawro renders is first class, brutally frank and objective in the first degree. There are only two books that you will ever need on the Franco-Prussian War or to have as a reference on your book shelf; this one, and the one by Sir Michael Howard.

11 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
view from Czech Republic
By Vaclav Flek
Having studied in Koniggratz (now Hradec Kralove in Czech Republic) for six years, the Austro Prussian war of 1866 has become my hobby. For a long time the work of Cordon Graig (Battle of Koniggratz) was the fundamental work, being now replaced by the book of Geoffrey Wawro, which I find great, pushing the topic one generation further. This work deserves praise, especially for its highly analytical perception of the campaign as a whole and clear and concise description of major battles. I would however point out some details with which I disagree, the interest might be in the fact that their are seen from local (i.e. Czech ) perspective.
1) The author uses German names for the sites, what is missing is the current Czech version of the names of these places. This makes it difficult to trace the battle in contemporary maps (after the unjust expulsion of 3 millions of Germans after WWII all towns and villages in Bohemia and Moravia are named in Czech only). Even here the author is not consequential enough and sometimes strangely uses Czech names instead of German ones (Jicin - Gitschin, Skalice - Skalitz,...).
2) The poisoning of wells mentioned in the text is very strange, I firmly believe that in that time (1866)this way of passive defence was not used. It was never very favorite in this part of Europe anyway.
3) The repeated allusions to the "good soldier Svejk" are completely misplaced in the context of this book. Svejk is a very popular book in our country, but it refers to another war and another situation. Typically enough, no Czech book about the subject of war of 1866 mentiones good soldier Svejk, as it is completely out of context. The author evidently wanted to give to his narrative some local flavour, unfortunately this one does not work too much.
4) The maps could have been less crude, but to give justice, without being too artistic, they manage to give the right perception about the development of the situation. I think however that a room for improvement in next edition is definitely here.
Summary : I highly recommend the Geoffrey Wawro book to anybody interested in this campaign, which (although a bit forgotten by now) played a crucial role in European history.

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>> Download String Theory (2 Volume Set) (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics), by Joseph Polchinski

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Available for the first time in paperback, String Theory comprises two volumes which present an up-to-date, comprehensive account of the subject. Volume 1, An Introduction to the Bosonic String, provides a thorough introduction to the bosonic string, based on the Polyakov path integral and conformal field theory. Volume 2, Superstring Theory and Beyond, begins with an introduction to supersymmetric string theories and progresses to a broad presentation of the important advances of recent years. Both volumes contain an annotated reference section, and a detailed glossary of important terms and concepts. Many exercises are included to re-inforce the text's main points as well as stimulate additional ideas. The volumes are an essential text/reference for graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, particle physics and relativity.

• Sales Rank: #5454890 in Books
• Published on: 1998-10-28
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.72" h x 2.99" w x 6.85" l, 4.80 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 974 pages

Review
'Polchinski is a major contributor to the exciting developments that have revolutionised our understanding of string theory during the past four years; he is also an exemplary teacher, as Steven Weinberg attests in his foreword. He has produced an outstanding two-volume text, with numerous exercises accompanying each chapter. It amply fulfils the need to inspire future string theorists on their long slog and is destined to become a classic. It is a truly exciting enterprise and one hugely served by this magnificent book.' David Bailin, The Times Higher Education Supplement

'... the most comprehensive text addressing the discoveries of the superstring revolutions of the early to mid 1990s, which mark the beginnings of 'modern' string theory.' Donald Marolf, American Journal of Physics

'Physicists believe that the best hope for a fundamental theory of nature - including unification of quantum mechanics with general relativity and elementary particle theory - lies in string theory. This elegant mathematical physics subject is expounded by Joseph Polchinski in two volumes from Cambridge University Press ... Written for advanced students and researchers, this set provides thorough and up-to-date knowledge.' American Scientist

'We would like to stress the pedagogical value of the present book. The approach taken is modern and pleasantly systematic, and it covers a broad class of results in a unified language. A set of exercises at the end of each chapter complements the discussions in the main text. On the other hand, the introduction of techniques and concepts essential in the context of superstrings makes it a useful reference for researchers in the field.' Mathematical Reviews

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6 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
a thorough introduction
By A Customer
This is the ultimate starting point for students who want to enter the field of string theory. It discusses most subject in great detail. However in can't be self contained or complete at every stage since progresses in string theory are being made every day. Nevertheless it provides enough background to understand current articles.

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* Free PDF The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge Studies in Law and Society), by John Torpey

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This innovative book argues that documents such as passports, internal passports and related mechanisms have been crucial in making distinctions between citizens and noncitizens. It explains how the concept of citizenship has been used over the past 200 years to delineate rights and penalties regarding property, liberty, taxes and welfare. Focusing on the United States and Western Europe, it combines theory and empirical data in questioning how and why states have established the exclusive right to authorize and regulate the movement of people.

• Sales Rank: #1459642 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 1999-11-13
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.72" h x .51" w x 6.85" l, .75 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 224 pages

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From Library Journal
No abstract sociological text, this work is notable for its absence of jargon and its solid grounding in historical fact. Torpey (sociology, Univ. of California, Irvine) analyzes how increasingly powerful states wrested from private institutions the power to regulate the movement of citizens across internationalAand sometimes internalAfrontiers. Passports and identification papers played a pivotal role in this extension of state authority. Their newfound control over citizens enabled governments to extract resources from society with unprecedented efficiency. For instance, accurate identification papers helped French revolutionaries to mobilize their nation for protracted war in the 1790s. By distinguishing citizen from foreigner, identification papers evolved into a bureaucratic expression of nationality. Torpey sounds a cautionary note by pointing out that civil liberties inevitably clash with the state's efforts to "embrace" the citizenry more tightly. Although this book may have minimal appeal beyond academic circles, it would be a worthy addition to academic library collections.AJames Holmes, Fletcher Sch. of Law & Diplomacy, Tufts Univ., Medford, MA
Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review
"In this insightful, carefully documented, and analytically astute account, Torpey has laid out for us with elegance and clarity the history of the passport and the 'revolution identificatiore' of which it is an integral part. His theoretically sensitive treatment is essential to our understanding of the modern state system. What Torpey has accomplished here is to have denaturalized, by close historical analysis, the utterly taken-for-granted, contemporary regime of passports." James C. Scott, Journal of Modern History

"With the world awash in refugees, immigrants, "guest workers," travelers, and the occasional terrorist, an interpretive study of identity papers and passports is certainly timely....The historical sociologist John Torpey is well equipped to address these issues. By training he is equally respectful of historical detail and nuance and of the interpretive arguments in contemporary social science. . . His canvas is wide and does ample justice to his subject." Isser Woloch, The American Historical Review

"No abstract sociological text, this work is notable for its absence of jargon and its solid grounding in historical fact." Library Journal

"...thoughtful and imaginative book on passports and the controls effected by them... The ingenuity of this book is evident in the focus on the passport." James B. Rule, Contemporary Sociology

"Torpey's book...is an academic study, covering the legal history of the passport in Europe and the United states." The Dallas Morning News

"It cannot be emphasized too strongly that Torpey has written the first modern account of the invention and evolution of passports and their uses, and has therby opened up entirely new vistas for future research and debate.... there can be no doubt about the validity of his penetrating analysis as a whole, which makes this book a truly remarkable achievement." The International History Review

"In this groundbreaking exploration of the passport's vicissitudes from the French Revolution to the present time, Torpey argues convincingly that the passport is important to our understanding of the nature of the state and the state system." American Journal of Sociology

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16 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Papers please!
By Mark Howells
A very interesting and highly readable account of the development of our modern system of passports.
Passports have not always been a requirement for crossing international boundaries. The invention and spread of the concept of a nation-state first in Europe and then around the globe has seen fluctuations in various governments' requirements for both internal and external travel documents. The mercantilist monarchies attempted to retain tight controls while New World migration required no entry documents at all. The free trade liberalism of the 1800s brought down some passport requirements such that fictional Phineas Fogg could dash off around the globe with no passport other than a carpet bag full of banknotes. The 20th Century saw the re-introduction of many formerly relaxed passport controls.
Beginnning with the French Revolutionaries' pre-occupation with travel controls, the book covers the development of passport requirements in the formation of the German nation, observes the great changes in passport restrictions following the First World War, and ends with a review of passport controls in the modern era, including the development of "international" passports for Displaced Persons.
This is an excellent study which shows how passports have fit into modern nations' changing needs to identify both their own citizens and foreigners. The author argues persausively that a nation's ability to differentiate "insiders" from "outsiders" is one of the primary definitions of a nation-state.
Great reading for those interested in the development of the modern state, in the development of travel controls, and in the history of identification documents.

7 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
confused thinking
By simone mueller
Here's a book by a quite well-known sociologist that deals with an important topic -- passports in the modern world and other forms of identification. How did they emerge ? What role did they play at different moments after the late eighteenth century ? But instead of providing a good and careful analysis, Torpey's work is full of careless assertions and poor historical analysis. Archives like that of the International Labour Organization are not properly used. Charles Tilly had already pointed many errors out in a review where he notes many mistakes in dealing with France. But the problems go much beyond this. Torpey wants to cast his work in a Marxist or Foucualtist framework, and so does not see that passports can also be means of empowerment. This means that the whole analogy with labor and the expropriation of labor is flawed. Also, if the book is of so-called leftist sociology, why is the whole colonial question so neglected ? In short this is a superficial analysis and a lost opportunity.

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Networks of Innovation offers a historical perspective on the manner in which private sector organizations have acquired, sustained, and periodically lost the ability to develop, manufacture, and market new serum antitoxins and vaccines. The primary focus is on the H. K. Mulford Company, on Sharp & Dohme, which acquired Mulford in 1929, and on Merck & Co., Inc., which merged with Sharp & Dohme in 1953. By surveying a century of innovation in biologicals, the authors show how the activities of these three commercial enterprises were related to a series of complex, evolving networks of scientific, governmental, and medical institutions in the United States and abroad.

• Sales Rank: #1776135 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 1997-08-13
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .79" w x 5.98" l, .95 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 288 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"...this is a most impressive work....superb at showing the requisites for successful vaccine innovation. It provides outside observers rare insight into decision making processes at a leading pharmaceutical firm." Marvin Fischbaum, H-Net Reviews

"Galambos and Sewell's well-documented book is a valuable and unusual contribution to the history of specialized pharmaceutical endeavor in America, with emphasis on the networking required on the long road leading to each new vaccine." Glenn Sonnedecker, American Historical Review

"...best described by its subtitile because of the narrow focus on the chronological history of Merck's vaccine unit." Book Reviews

"It is beautifully written." Journal of Interdisciplinary History

"Rigorously researched and crisply written, Networks of Innovation....makes a strong case for science-based firms' building and sustaining organizational capabilities to achieve technological innovation as well as to accomodate shifting competitive and regulatory environments." David B. Sicilia, The Journal of American History

"Networks of Innovation deserves a careful and thoughtful reading by historians of technology because it shows how it is possible to analyze effectively the role of individuals in the process of technological change without losing the insights and rigor that come from sociological and economic theory." W. Bernard Carlson, Technology and Culture

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Knowledge is key
By Amazon Customer
This book does a good job of explaining how the Big-Pharma companies came about. I bought this book for resarch into the unnessary use of vaccinations.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Vaccine and biologic manufacture in the US
By D. P. Gmyrek
Great inside look at vaccine developent in the US from the late 19th century thru modern times. Focuses on MSD and its precursors. Great for any student of medical/pharmaceutical/public health history.

See all 2 customer reviews...

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